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Since the second quarter of last year, with the recovery of global trade, international shipping prices continue to climb, constantly refresh the “record.” In the first half of 2021, shipping prices continued to “rise”, and professional agencies predict that the trend will continue in the third quarter.
China’s shipping industry is in the best recovery period in history, and the country’s shipping market is expected to continue to pick up in the third quarter of 2021, according to a new report released by the Shanghai International Shipping Research Center on July 5. At the same time of capacity increase, freight rates will also usher in a new round of rising prices.
According to Zhou Dequan, director of Shipping Development Research Institute of Shanghai International Shipping Research Center, in the third quarter of 2021, the climate index and confidence index of shipping related enterprises will still remain above the scenery line. Among them, China’s shipping climate index is expected to be 121.00 points, down 5.40 points compared with the second quarter, maintaining in the relatively prosperous range. China’s shipping confidence index is expected to be 162.73 points, down 1.46 points compared with the second quarter, still maintaining in a strong climate range. Chinese shipping industry thaw trend is visible from this spot.
In the second quarter of 2021, China’s shipping climate index reached 126.39 points, a new record high since the release of the index. China’s shipping confidence index was 164.20 points, basically flat with the first quarter, maintaining in a strong climate range.
Shipping enterprises continue to increase the delivery of shipping capacity
In the second quarter of 2021, the shipping capacity of shipping enterprises continued to increase, the utilization rate of shipping space continued to rise, and the freight income increased significantly. In spite of the significant increase in operating costs, the company still maintains a strong profit; Loan liabilities continue to reduce, labor demand increased substantially, working capital is very comfortable, enterprise financing is relatively easy, shipowners’ willingness to invest in transport capacity continues to strengthen, enterprise risk resistance ability rises steadily.
The report shows that in the second quarter, the climate index of shipping enterprises is 132.70 points, 12.85 points higher than that of the first quarter, entering a relatively climate range. The confidence index of shipping enterprises was 168.66 points, down 4.96 points compared with the first quarter, but still maintained in the strong climate range, indicating that entrepreneurs have sufficient confidence and are optimistic about the future prospects.
Container transport companies in the second quarter made a big profit, entrepreneurs are full of confidence in the future business, optimistic about the market. In the third quarter, the climate index of container transport enterprises is expected to be 136.09 points, and the confidence index is expected to be 168.31 points, both entering the relatively climate range.
After making profits from the second half of 2020 to date, shipping companies said in the third quarter that they will continue to increase the launch of ship capacity. According to the survey conducted by China Shipping Climate Index Compilation Office of Shanghai International Shipping Research Center on the planned new shipping capacity of shipping enterprises in the next quarter, 18.63% of the enterprises said that they expected the new shipping capacity to increase by more than 20% compared with the second quarter. 25.49% of the enterprises said they expected the new capacity to increase by 10%~20% compared with the second quarter; 36.27% of the enterprises said they expected the new capacity to be basically the same as the second quarter; 17.65% of the enterprises said they expected the new capacity to drop by 10% to 20% compared with the second quarter. 1.96 percent of enterprises said they expected new capacity to drop by more than 20 percent from the second quarter.
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When deciding how to choose your pneumatic fittings, you need also to determine what type and size of tubing or hose you will need, whether it is measured in metric or imperial sizes, and whether it’s made of metal or thermoplastic. And in the first instance, you need to differentiate between tube, pipe or hose.
Tubing and hose may seem to be the same, but tubes are designated by their external diameter so as to be compatible with push-to-connect fittings. Hose is designated by its internal diameter, and usually comes with rigid, swivel or quick-disconnect fittings that are attached at both ends. Pipes are entirely rigid, constructed from a single solid material and usually defined by their internal diameter dimension.
Tubes are relatively rigid vessels generally made from one solid material, typically some kind of thermoplastic, which can also be internally reinforced for higher strength:
Nylon is light, tough and dimensionally stable, with low water absorption and high resistance to flexural fatigue.
Polyurethane is flexible, strong, resistant to abrasion and kinks and can also withstand contact with oils and fuels.
Polyethylene and high density polyethylene (HDPE) are widely resistant to solvents and chemicals, and relatively cheap with good flexibility.
Polypropylene withstands UV radiation, is resistant to chemical attack and can be formulated for use in food-contact applications.
PVC and CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) is light and usually more flexible than polyethylene or nylon, with a good resistance to chemicals, and can sustain repeated sterilisation. It is also usually transparent, enabling visual confirmation of flow.
Hoses are completely flexible vessels constructed from a variety of the same thermoplastic materials. An inner tube is reinforced with one or more layers of spiral-wound or braided fibres, with a protective outer cover. Hose is generally more expensive than tubing but is more rugged and durable, as it is often used for manual tools and gets dragged across abrasive surfaces.
Sensors are a means of providing feedback to a control system, so that the operating parameters of an application can be continually adjusted for optimal results. Pneumatic cylinder sensors can be used to measure various parameters. Their typical function in pneumatics is to detect the position of a pneumatic cylinder during its operation by means of proximity switches.
The phrase “pneumatic cylinder sensors” usually refers to position sensors, which are important in applications where the piston’s linear position is critical. Position feedback is provided by sensors mounted on the cylinder. It’s passed to the control system so that it can make necessary operational adjustments. Sensor proximity switches can be of an inductive mechanical type, but more common is a magnetic proximity switch and position transmitter connected to a control system.
The sensors deliver electrical signals via a transmitter, reporting the piston’s position to a control system. The feedback provided by position sensors offers an additional layer of security, ensuring that the piston is ideally placed to drive crucial applications.
Pneumatic cylinders also use other sensors, including those measuring airflow and pressure, but we’re focusing on position sensors. Of these, magnetic proximity sensors are probably the most common type. They’re mounted onto the cylinder body, where they can detect the magnetic field generated by the piston’s integral magnet. They indicate its proximity by relaying an ON or OFF signal to the control system.
The sensors can be mounted in various positions on the cylinder body to detect extension and retraction of the piston. They can also be mounted at one or more specific positions for more precise sensory input. The type of sensor you choose and the way they’re mounted will depend on whether you have a round or a rectangular (profile) cylinder body.
(from Internet)
Fittings come in all shapes and sizes, and can be connected in a variety of ways. Shaped fittings ensure the effective design of a pneumatic system, with various unions and adaptors to reduce or increase the pipe diameter, or provide a neat continuity across fittings.
The most common types of connection are:
Compression fittings rely on compressive force to connect, and need no soldering to install. There are several ways to compress the fitting and most need no tools, but rely on a ferrule, ring or metal gasket to make the seal. Some types require a nut to be tightened, while others have a sharpened ferrule which bites the tube when compressed.
Threaded fittings have screw threads on the outer (male) or inner (female) surfaces, so that they can match other threaded fittings. Straight threads are the simplest, but tapered threads provide a better seal.
Push-in Fittings allow the tube to be secured by pushing it through a collet or grab ring and can be released simply by pushing a release collar.
The tube is pushed as far as it can go over a barbed end on the fitting, and secured by tightening a nut onto the combined assembly.
A T-shaped intersection connects three flow sections, allowing flow to be split apart or combined. Cross-shaped fittings do the same for four flow sections.
Elbow fittings change the flow direction at various angles without the risk of tube kinking. The most common elbow angles are 45° and 90°, but elbows also exist in 22.5°.
Reducer fittings connect two or more conduits of differing sizes.
From Internet
Pneumatic fittings are required in any kind of pressurised gas system to link together sections of tubing, pipe or hose. They typically have tighter seals and are subject to lower pressure than hydraulic fittings, and are frequently found in pneumatic instrumentation and logic control systems, as well as moving parts such as cylinders.
Although fittings may represent the minutiae of the overall pneumatic system design, they are perhaps the most important of all the elements. Pneumatic fittings, together with their pipes, hoses and tubes, connect all the other major components together, and can therefore have a major influence on the efficiency, safety and energy consumption of the entire system.
Pneumatics are used in many of today’s industrial and automation environments, and there is an increasingly wide range of options from which to choose your components. Knowing how to choose pneumatic fittings is therefore all about suiting the materials to the job and its environment. In order to break down this process, you first need to identify:
the specific environment in which your equipment will be working
the required air pressure or PSI specification of your equipment
any approvals that may be needed for the equipment and its components
the material(s) from which your fittings should be made
the type and size of tubing you will require
the type and size of thread your fittings will need